Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) belongs to a family of homologous, disulfide-linked, homodimeric proteins. These highly pleiotropic cytokines inhibit proliferation of most cells, but can promote the growth of mesenchymal cells and enhance extracellular matrix formation. The pivotal function of TGF-β1 in the immune system is to mediate immunosuppression and maintain tolerance by regulating lymphocyte proliferation, differentiation, and survival.
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MACS GMP Products are for research use and
ex vivo
cell culture processing only, and are not intended for human
in vivo
applications. For regulatory status in the USA, please contact your local representative.
Background information
TGF-β1 controls inflammatory responses through chemotactic attraction and activation of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. All three TGF-β members are synthesized as an homodimeric precursor of 390 residues, which is intracellularly processed by proteolysis into a 112-amino acid form. The resulting N-terminal latency-associated peptide (LAP) remains non-covalently associated with the TGF-β dimer, and the complex binds to another protein called Latent TGF-β-Binding Protein (LTBP), forming a larger complex called Large Latent Complex (LLC). The LLC is secreted into the extracellular matrix and prevents the binding of TGF-β to its specific cell surface receptor. Several extracellular factors, such as matrix metalloproteases, low pH, reactive oxygen species, and thrombospondin-1 can induce release of the active mature TGF-β dimer from the inactive complex. This sophisticated mechanism of activation is important for a fine-tuning of TGF-β signaling.
Applications
MACS GMP Recombinant Human TGF-β1 can be used for a variety of applications, including the culture of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells or the expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells.
Quality statement
MACS GMP Products are manufactured and tested under a quality management system (ISO 13485) and are in compliance with relevant GMP guidelines. They are designed following the recommendations of USP <1043> on ancillary materials.
Biological activity
The specific activity is determined by inhibition assay using IL-5 induced TF-1 cells according to Randall
et al.1
. The proliferation assay was calibrated with the standard for human TGF-β1 (NIBSC code 89/514) provided by the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control.
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