YILIMART - Human IL-21, research grade (10 μg)

Recombinant human IL-21 (interleukin 21) can promote Th17 or Tfh differentiation of T cells, expansion of CD8+ T cells, as well as B and NK cell development. Thus, the pleiotropic cytokine regulates several aspects of lymphoid cell function and has central roles for humoral immunity. IL-21 has been associated with allergies, cancer, and viral infections. Recombinant protein human IL-21 was developed for use in various applications, such as cell culture, differentiation studies, and functional assays.

Applications

Human IL-21 can be used for a variety of applications, including:

In vitro differentiation of naive CD4⁺ T cells towards T_H 17 cells and T_FH .
In vitro expansion of CD8⁺ T cells and enhancement of cytotoxic T cell function.
Study of NK cell development and function.
In vitro differentiation of plasma cells from naive B cells.
Investigation of IL-21–mediated molecular signaling pathways.

Background information

Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a four α-helix bundle cytokine and closely related to IL-2, IL-4, and IL-15. IL-21 expression is restricted to activated CD4

⁺

T helper cells and NKT cells. Among T helper subsets, IL-21 is strongly produced by follicular T helper cells and T

_H

17 cells, where IL-21 serves as an autocrine regulator and seems to sustain T

_H

17 development. The functional receptor for IL-21, composed of the IL-21 receptor- and the common γ-chain, is expressed on various hematopoietic cells including T, B, NK, and dendritic cells. Accordingly, IL-21 exerts pleiotropic effects on both cellular and humoral immune responses, such as stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation, promotion of CD8

⁺

T cell and NK cell cytotoxicity, and differentiation of B cells into plasma cells. Important roles for IL-21 have been proposed with regard to its anti-tumor activity and for the development of autoimmune diseases.

Quality description

Research-grade

cytokines are suitable for a wide variety of cell culture applications. They are sterile-filtered prior to lyophilization. Generally, endotoxin levels are <0.1 ng/μg (<1 EU/μg), and purities are >95%. The biological activity is tested in appropriate bioassays.

Premium-grade

cytokines offer the convenience of high and well-defined biological activities and allow exact unit dosing for demanding applications. The biological activity is determined after lyophilization and reconstitution, and normalized to WHO/NIBSC standards whenever available. In general, endotoxin levels are <0.01 ng/μg (<0.1 EU/μg), and purities are >97%. Lot-specific certificates of analysis are available on request (macstec@miltenyibiotec.de).

Biological activity

Proliferation of B9 hybridoma cells
premium grade: ≥ 2×

10
⁴
U/mg

(typical activity: ≥ 3×

10
⁴
U/mg

)
research grade: ≥ 1×

10
⁴
U/mg

Figure 1
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Figure 1

Human IL-21, activity assay.
The biological activity of Human IL-21 is determined by proliferation assay using mouse B9 hybridoma cells.

Human IL-21, activity assay.
The biological activity of Human IL-21 is determined by proliferation assay using mouse B9 hybridoma cells.
Figure 2
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Figure 2

Mass spectrometry analysis (ESI-MS) of Human IL-21, premium grade. The peak corresponds to the calculated molecular mass of 15460 Da.

Mass spectrometry analysis (ESI-MS) of Human IL-21, premium grade. The peak corresponds to the calculated molecular mass of 15460 Da.
Figure 3
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Figure 3

SDS-PAGE of Human IL-21, premium grade
under reduced (R) and non-reduced (NR) conditions.

SDS-PAGE of Human IL-21, premium grade
under reduced (R) and non-reduced (NR) conditions.

Selected references
1. Jabara, H. H. et al. (2012) DOCK8 functions as an adaptor that links TLR-MyD88 signaling to B cell activation. Nat. Immunol. 13(6): 612-620
2. Fuchs, S. et al. (2014)
  
  Patients with T
  ^+/low
  NK
  ⁺
  IL-2 receptor γ chain deficiency have differentially-impaired cytokine signaling resulting in severe combined immunodeficiency.
  
  Eur. J. Immunol. 44(10): 3129-3140
3. Spolski, R. and Leonard, W. J. (2008) Interleukin-21: basic biology and implications for cancer and autoimmunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 26: 57-79
4. Nielsen, N. et al. (2012) Cytotoxicity of CD56(bright) NK cells towards autologous activated CD4+ T cells is mediated through NKG2D, LFA-1 and TRAIL and dampened via CD94/NKG2A. PLoS One 7(2): e31959
Certificates

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link
to search for Certificates of Analysis (CoA) by lot number.

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Human IL-21, research grade (10 μg)

For research use only

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Applications

Background information

Quality description

Biological activity

Figure 1

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 3

Selected references

Certificates

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